What is required for fixed-wing aircraft to operate at nighttime from a runway?

For fixed-wing aircraft to operate safely at nighttime from a runway, it is essential that both the runway has operable lighting and that the runway is clearly discernible. Operable lighting is critical as it provides visibility for pilots during takeoff and landing, ensuring they can accurately navigate the runway. Runway lighting typically includes edge lights, threshold lights, and approach lights, which collectively aid pilots in visually confirming their approach and landing.

In addition to lighting, having a clearly discernible runway is crucial. This means that the runway should be identifiable and distinguishable from its surroundings, contributing to situational awareness for pilots at night. This can encompass factors such as reflective markings, lighted signs, and the absence of obstructions that may hinder a pilot's ability to see the runway clearly.

While night vision capabilities could enhance situational awareness and safety, they are not a standard requirement for all fixed-wing aircraft operations at night. Hence, the combination of operable lighting and clear visual distinction of the runway forms the basis for safe nighttime operations, making this option the most comprehensive and accurate response.